GENETIC DIVERSITY OF CHAYA (Cnidoscolus aconitifolius (Mill.) I. M. Johnst. ssp. aconitifolius) IN YUCATAN, MEXICO, ITS PUTATIVE DOMESTICATION CENTER
Keywords:
clonal reproduction, Cnidoscolus acutifolius, Cnidoscolus souzae, ISSR markers, mayas, wild relatives.Abstract
Chaya (Cnidoscolus aconitifolius ssp. aconitifolius) has great importance as an edible and medicinal plant in Mesoamerica; however, there is very little information on its domestication. Our main objective was to provide knowledge about the genetic diversity of Chaya and its relationship with its wild relatives in Yucatan, Mexico, the possible area of domestication. 100 individuals of Chaya, eight of C. aconitifolius and nine of C. souzae were collected and characterized using 158 ISSR loci. Structure and PCoA analyses clearly distinguished Chaya from its wild relatives; the presence of a single clone for the Chayamansa variety, which has a high abundance; and the existence of only two individuals of the Redonda variety, which shared ancestry with C. aconitifolius. An AMOVA indicated that 90% of the variation is between groups and a comparison between genetic distances showed greater differentiation between Chaya and its wild relatives (with C. aconitifolius of 0.459, with C. souzae of 0.622) than between wild relatives (0.287). Chaya showed low genetic diversity (%P= 5.95; HE= 0.018) compared to C. aconitifolius (%P= 71; HE= 0.26) and C. souzae (%P = 56; HE = 0.21); when the two individuals of the Redonda variety were eliminated from the analysis, the genetic diversity was much lower (%P= 0.6; HE= 0.008). Our results confirm the existence of very low levels of genetic diversity in Chaya as a result, possibly, of its clonal propagation and/or by a founder effect due to domestication; and a greater relationship of Chaya with C. aconitifolius. Results of this work support the hypothesis that Chaya is a totally domesticated crop and that its domestication was from C. aconitifolius.
References
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Culley, T. M & Wolfe, A. D. (2001). Population genetic structure of the cleistogamous plant species Viola pubescens, as indicated by isozyme and ISSR molecular markers. Heredity, 86, 545–556. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2540.2001.00875.x
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Echevarría-Machado, I., Sánchez-Cach, L. A., Hernández-Zepeda, C., Rivera-Madrid, R. & Moreno-Valenzuela, O. (2005). A Simple and Efficient Method for lsolation of DNA in High Mucilaginous Plant Tissues. Molecular Biotechnology, 31(2), 129–135.
Evanno, G., Regnaut, S. & Goudet, J. (2005). Detecting the number of clusters of individuals using the software STRUCTURE: A simulation study. Molecular Ecology, 14, 2611–2620. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02553.x
Fan, D. & Zhou C. (2010). Chaya (Cnidoscolus spp.) leaves: Antinutritional factor analysis and effect of treatment processing on cyanogenic glycosides content. Food Science, 31, 110–113. https://doi.org/10.7506/SPKX1002-6300-201003025
Fernández-Casas, F. (2008). Cnidoscolorum notulæ (Euphorbiaceæ), 41–44. Fontqueria 63: 481–514.
Galluzzi, G. & López-Noriega, I. (2014). Conservation and use of genetic resources of underutilized crops in the Americas: a continental analysis. Sustainability, 6, 980–1017.
Hamrick, J. L. & Godt M. W. (1997). Effects of life history traits on genetic diversity in plant species. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B, 351, 1291–298. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1996.0112
Earl, D. A. & vonHoldt, B. M. (2012). STRUCTURE HARVESTER: A website and program for visualizing STRUCTURE output and implementing the Evanno method. Conservation Genetics Resources 4(2):359-361. Core version: vA.1 March 2012. Plot version: vA.1 November, 2012. Web version: v0.6.93 November 2012.
Kimberling, D. N., Ferreira, A. R., Shuster, S. M. & Keim P. (1996). RAPD marker estimation of genetic structure among isolated northern leopard frog populations in south-western USA. Molecular Ecology, 5, 521–529. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.1996.tb00344.x
Kremer, A., Caron, H., Cavers, S., Colpaert, N., Gheysen, L., Gribel, R. & Salgueiro F. (2005). Monitoring genetic diversity in tropical trees with multilocus dominant markers. Heredity, 95, 274–280. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.hdy.6800738
Ladizinsky, G. (1985). Founder effect in crop-plant evolution. Economic Botany, 39(2), 191–199. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02907844
Lynch, M. & Milligan B. G. (1994). Analysis of population genetic structure with RAPD markers. Molecular Ecology, 3, 91–99. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.1994.tb00109.x
Markus, V., Abbey, P. A., Yahaya, J., Zakka, J., Yatai, K. B. & Oladeji, M. (2016). An underexploited tropical plant with promising economic value and the window of opportunities for researchers: Cnidoscolus aconitifolius. American Journal of Food Science and Nutrition Resources, 3(6), 177–187.
Martínez-Castillo, J., Colunga-GarcíaMarín, P. & D. Zizumbo-Villarreal (2008). Genetic erosion and in situ conservation of Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.) landraces in its Mesoamerican diversity center. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 55: 1065–1077. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-008-9314-1
Maya-Lastra, C. A. & Steinmann, V. W. (2018). A nomenclator of Cnidoscolus
(Euphorbiaceae). Phytotaxa, 346, 1–30. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.346.1.1.
Maya-Lastra, C. A. & Steinmann, V. W. (2019). Evolution of the untouchables: Phylogenetics and classification of Cnidoscolus (Euphorbiaceae). Taxon, 68(4), 692–713. https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.12093
McKey, D., Elias, M., Pujol B. & Duputié, A. (2010). The evolutionary ecology of clonally propagated domesticated plants. New Phytologist, 186, 318–332. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03210.x
Meirmans, P. G. (2015). Seven common mistakes in population genetics and how to avoid them. Molecular Ecology, 24, 3223–3231. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.13243
Moura, L. F. W. G., da Silva Neto, J. X., Pereira Lopes, T. D., Rathinaraj Benjamin, S., Rodrigues Brito, F. C., Alves Magalhães, F. E. & Florindo Guedes, M. I. (2019). Ethnobotanic, phytochemical uses and ethnopharmacological profile of genus Cnidoscolus spp. (Euphorbiaceae): A comprehensive overview. Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy, 109, 1670–1679. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2018.10.015
Munguía-Rosas, M. A., & Jácome-Flores, M. E. (2020). Reproductive isolation between wild and domesticated chaya (Cnidoscolus aconitifolius) in sympatry. Plant Biology, First On-line. https://doi.org/10.1111/plb.13140
Munguía-Rosas, M. A., Jácome-Flores, M. E., Bello-Bedoy, R., Solis-Moreno, V. M. E. & Ochoa-Estrada, E. (2019). Morphological divergence between wild and cultivated chaya (Cnidoscolus aconitifolius) (Mill.) I.M. Johnst. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 66, 1389–1398. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-019-00790-w
Nei, M. (1978). Estimation of average heterozygosity and genetic distance from small number of individuals. Genetics, 89, 583–590.
Peakall, R. & Smouse, P. (2006). GENALEX 6: genetic analysis in Excel. Population genetic software for teaching and research. Molecular Ecology Notes, 6, 288–295. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-8286.2005.01155.x
Pritchard, J. K., Stephens, M. & Donnelly, P. (2000). Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data. Genetics, 155, 945–959.
Ross-Ibarra, J. (2003). Origen y domesticación de la chaya (Cnidoscolus aconitifolius Mill I. M. Johnst): La espinaca Maya. Mexican Studies, 19, 287–302. https://doi.org/10.1525/msem.2003.19.2.287
Ross-Ibarra, J. & Molina-Cruz, A. (2002). The ethnobotany of chaya (Cnidoscolus aconitifolius ssp. aconitifolius Breckon): a nutritious maya vegetable. Economic Botany, 56, 350–365. https://doi.org/10.1663/0013-0001(2002)056
Sanchez-Hernandez, I., Barragan-Alvarez, C., Torres-Gonzalez, O. & Padilla-Camberos, E. (2017). Nutraceutical potential of Cnidoscolus aconitifolius. ARC Journal of Nutrition and Growth, 3(2), 27–30. https://doi.org/10.20431/2455-2550.0302005
Schikorr F. (2017). Evidencia de la presencia de Cnidoscolus urens en la península de Yucatán, la chaya silvestre más urticante de todas. Desde el Herbario CICY, 9, 228–230.
Schikorr F. y J. Rodríguez (2018). El monoicismo escondido dinámico en el género Cnidoscolus. Desde el Herbario CICY, 10, 25-28.
Steinmann, V. W. (2002). Diversidad y endemismo de la familia Euphorbiaceae en México. Acta Botánica Mexicana, 61, 61–93.
Vekemans, X. (2002). AFLP-SURV version 1.0. Distributed by the author. Laboratoire de Génétique et Ecologie Végétale, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium.
Zietkiewicz, E., Rafalski, A. & Labuda, D. (1994). Genome fingerprinting by simple sequence repeat (SSR)-anchored polymerase chain reaction amplification. Genomics, 20, 176–183. https://doi.org/10.1006/geno.1994.1151
Zhivotovsky, L. A. (1999). Estimating population structure in diploids with multilocus dominant DNA markers. Molecular Ecology, 8, 907–913. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294x.1999.00620.x
Zohary, D. (2004). Unconscious selection and the evolution of domesticated plants. Economic Botany, 58, 5–10. https://doi.org/10.1663/0013-0001(2004)058[0005:USATEO]2.0
Bassam, B. J., Anollés, G. C. & Gresshoff P. M. (1991). Fast and sensitive silver staining of DNA in polyacrylamide gels. Analytical Biochemistry, 196, 80–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(91)90120-I
Breckon, G. J. (1975). Cnidoscolus, section Calyptosolen (Euphorbiaceae) in Mexico and Central America. University of California, Davis, 463 p.
Carnevali Fernández-Concha, G., Tapia-Muñoz, J. L., Duno de Stefano, R. y Ramírez, I. M. (2010). Flora ilustrada de la Península de Yucatán: Listado Florístico. Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A. C. Mérida, Yucatán, México, 328 p.
Cifuentes, R., Pöll, E., Bressani R. y Yurrita S. (2010). Caracterización botánica, molecular, agronómica y química de los cultivares de Chaya (Cnidoscolus aconitifolius) de Guatemala. Revista Universidad Valle de Guatemala, 21, 34–49.
Culley, T. M & Wolfe, A. D. (2001). Population genetic structure of the cleistogamous plant species Viola pubescens, as indicated by isozyme and ISSR molecular markers. Heredity, 86, 545–556. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2540.2001.00875.x
Ebel, R., Méndez-Aguilar, M. D. J., Castillo-Cocom J. A. & Kissmann, S. (2019). Genetic Diversity in Nutritious Leafy Green Vegetable—Chaya (Cnidoscolus aconitifolius). In: Genetic Diversity in Horticultural Plants, Sustainable Development and Biodiversity 22. D. Nandwani (ed.). Springer Nature Switzerland AG. pp. 161–189.
Echevarría-Machado, I., Sánchez-Cach, L. A., Hernández-Zepeda, C., Rivera-Madrid, R. & Moreno-Valenzuela, O. (2005). A Simple and Efficient Method for lsolation of DNA in High Mucilaginous Plant Tissues. Molecular Biotechnology, 31(2), 129–135.
Evanno, G., Regnaut, S. & Goudet, J. (2005). Detecting the number of clusters of individuals using the software STRUCTURE: A simulation study. Molecular Ecology, 14, 2611–2620. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02553.x
Fan, D. & Zhou C. (2010). Chaya (Cnidoscolus spp.) leaves: Antinutritional factor analysis and effect of treatment processing on cyanogenic glycosides content. Food Science, 31, 110–113. https://doi.org/10.7506/SPKX1002-6300-201003025
Fernández-Casas, F. (2008). Cnidoscolorum notulæ (Euphorbiaceæ), 41–44. Fontqueria 63: 481–514.
Galluzzi, G. & López-Noriega, I. (2014). Conservation and use of genetic resources of underutilized crops in the Americas: a continental analysis. Sustainability, 6, 980–1017.
Hamrick, J. L. & Godt M. W. (1997). Effects of life history traits on genetic diversity in plant species. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B, 351, 1291–298. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1996.0112
Earl, D. A. & vonHoldt, B. M. (2012). STRUCTURE HARVESTER: A website and program for visualizing STRUCTURE output and implementing the Evanno method. Conservation Genetics Resources 4(2):359-361. Core version: vA.1 March 2012. Plot version: vA.1 November, 2012. Web version: v0.6.93 November 2012.
Kimberling, D. N., Ferreira, A. R., Shuster, S. M. & Keim P. (1996). RAPD marker estimation of genetic structure among isolated northern leopard frog populations in south-western USA. Molecular Ecology, 5, 521–529. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.1996.tb00344.x
Kremer, A., Caron, H., Cavers, S., Colpaert, N., Gheysen, L., Gribel, R. & Salgueiro F. (2005). Monitoring genetic diversity in tropical trees with multilocus dominant markers. Heredity, 95, 274–280. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.hdy.6800738
Ladizinsky, G. (1985). Founder effect in crop-plant evolution. Economic Botany, 39(2), 191–199. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02907844
Lynch, M. & Milligan B. G. (1994). Analysis of population genetic structure with RAPD markers. Molecular Ecology, 3, 91–99. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.1994.tb00109.x
Markus, V., Abbey, P. A., Yahaya, J., Zakka, J., Yatai, K. B. & Oladeji, M. (2016). An underexploited tropical plant with promising economic value and the window of opportunities for researchers: Cnidoscolus aconitifolius. American Journal of Food Science and Nutrition Resources, 3(6), 177–187.
Martínez-Castillo, J., Colunga-GarcíaMarín, P. & D. Zizumbo-Villarreal (2008). Genetic erosion and in situ conservation of Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.) landraces in its Mesoamerican diversity center. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 55: 1065–1077. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-008-9314-1
Maya-Lastra, C. A. & Steinmann, V. W. (2018). A nomenclator of Cnidoscolus
(Euphorbiaceae). Phytotaxa, 346, 1–30. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.346.1.1.
Maya-Lastra, C. A. & Steinmann, V. W. (2019). Evolution of the untouchables: Phylogenetics and classification of Cnidoscolus (Euphorbiaceae). Taxon, 68(4), 692–713. https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.12093
McKey, D., Elias, M., Pujol B. & Duputié, A. (2010). The evolutionary ecology of clonally propagated domesticated plants. New Phytologist, 186, 318–332. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03210.x
Meirmans, P. G. (2015). Seven common mistakes in population genetics and how to avoid them. Molecular Ecology, 24, 3223–3231. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.13243
Moura, L. F. W. G., da Silva Neto, J. X., Pereira Lopes, T. D., Rathinaraj Benjamin, S., Rodrigues Brito, F. C., Alves Magalhães, F. E. & Florindo Guedes, M. I. (2019). Ethnobotanic, phytochemical uses and ethnopharmacological profile of genus Cnidoscolus spp. (Euphorbiaceae): A comprehensive overview. Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy, 109, 1670–1679. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2018.10.015
Munguía-Rosas, M. A., & Jácome-Flores, M. E. (2020). Reproductive isolation between wild and domesticated chaya (Cnidoscolus aconitifolius) in sympatry. Plant Biology, First On-line. https://doi.org/10.1111/plb.13140
Munguía-Rosas, M. A., Jácome-Flores, M. E., Bello-Bedoy, R., Solis-Moreno, V. M. E. & Ochoa-Estrada, E. (2019). Morphological divergence between wild and cultivated chaya (Cnidoscolus aconitifolius) (Mill.) I.M. Johnst. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 66, 1389–1398. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-019-00790-w
Nei, M. (1978). Estimation of average heterozygosity and genetic distance from small number of individuals. Genetics, 89, 583–590.
Peakall, R. & Smouse, P. (2006). GENALEX 6: genetic analysis in Excel. Population genetic software for teaching and research. Molecular Ecology Notes, 6, 288–295. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-8286.2005.01155.x
Pritchard, J. K., Stephens, M. & Donnelly, P. (2000). Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data. Genetics, 155, 945–959.
Ross-Ibarra, J. (2003). Origen y domesticación de la chaya (Cnidoscolus aconitifolius Mill I. M. Johnst): La espinaca Maya. Mexican Studies, 19, 287–302. https://doi.org/10.1525/msem.2003.19.2.287
Ross-Ibarra, J. & Molina-Cruz, A. (2002). The ethnobotany of chaya (Cnidoscolus aconitifolius ssp. aconitifolius Breckon): a nutritious maya vegetable. Economic Botany, 56, 350–365. https://doi.org/10.1663/0013-0001(2002)056
Sanchez-Hernandez, I., Barragan-Alvarez, C., Torres-Gonzalez, O. & Padilla-Camberos, E. (2017). Nutraceutical potential of Cnidoscolus aconitifolius. ARC Journal of Nutrition and Growth, 3(2), 27–30. https://doi.org/10.20431/2455-2550.0302005
Schikorr F. (2017). Evidencia de la presencia de Cnidoscolus urens en la península de Yucatán, la chaya silvestre más urticante de todas. Desde el Herbario CICY, 9, 228–230.
Schikorr F. y J. Rodríguez (2018). El monoicismo escondido dinámico en el género Cnidoscolus. Desde el Herbario CICY, 10, 25-28.
Steinmann, V. W. (2002). Diversidad y endemismo de la familia Euphorbiaceae en México. Acta Botánica Mexicana, 61, 61–93.
Vekemans, X. (2002). AFLP-SURV version 1.0. Distributed by the author. Laboratoire de Génétique et Ecologie Végétale, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium.
Zietkiewicz, E., Rafalski, A. & Labuda, D. (1994). Genome fingerprinting by simple sequence repeat (SSR)-anchored polymerase chain reaction amplification. Genomics, 20, 176–183. https://doi.org/10.1006/geno.1994.1151
Zhivotovsky, L. A. (1999). Estimating population structure in diploids with multilocus dominant DNA markers. Molecular Ecology, 8, 907–913. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294x.1999.00620.x
Zohary, D. (2004). Unconscious selection and the evolution of domesticated plants. Economic Botany, 58, 5–10. https://doi.org/10.1663/0013-0001(2004)058[0005:USATEO]2.0
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GENETIC DIVERSITY OF CHAYA (Cnidoscolus aconitifolius (Mill.) I. M. Johnst. ssp. aconitifolius) IN YUCATAN, MEXICO, ITS PUTATIVE DOMESTICATION CENTER. (2021). POLIBOTANICA, 1(51). https://polibotanica.mx/index.php/polibotanica/article/view/920
